- Cystoscopy
- Enlarged Prostate
- Erectile-dysfunction
- Gender Reassignment Surgery
- Hypospadias
- IVF
- Kidney Stone
- Male Infertility
- Penile Implant
- Phalloplasty/Penile Enhancement Surgery
- PUJ/UPJ Obstruction
- Urethral Stricture
- Urethroplasty
- Urinary Incontinence
- Urinary Tract Infection
There are few side effects after cystoscopy. Here are the following:
- Bleeding from the Urethra
- Burning sensation during urination
- Excessive urination for the first two days.
Urethral strictures are mostly cured permanently. While performing urethroplasty, we remove the urethral part with stricture and scar tissue. If there’s a long stricture, surgeons add new tissue from the mouth or the skin of the penile area as a graft.
There are chances of erectile dysfunction in men after urethroplasty. It is mostly due to the cavernous nerve, damage to the penile and deteriorating of the flow of the bulbar artery. Though it’s very rare to occur since the surgical procedure turns out to be highly successful.
Urethroplasty has a pretty high rate of being a successful surgery. Though it depends on the different types of urethroplasty types. Even if strictures return back, about 75%-88% can be easily resolved. Even if structures return, only half of them lead to symptoms. Even if stricture returns back, it has to be tight enough to create a urinary flow blockage. If you showcase any symptoms then an internal cutting surgery is suggested to try, If it doesn’t go well, you might need an additional surgery which is a very rare incident after urethroplasty.
Yes, structures can come back again. When they reoccur after the surgery, they are present in the extremely thin and web-like form. The stricture can result in causing a disturbance in the urethra but it’s possible to treat it internally by cutting the stricture with a scope procedure. That is very distinct to the initial stricture which often scars while responding long-term to an internal cutting procedure. Some strictures don’t respond to internal cutting hence are sent for further surgery.
Post-surgery follow-up of urethroplasty play immensely vital as many urethral strictures return in the first year or two after surgery. Patients return back to the hospital with strictures related issues in every three to six months of their first year of urethroplasty. In the first appointment of every follow-up of urethroplasty, patients undergo a cystoscopy of the urethra where the urinary flow rate, residual urine is measured carefully. Cystoscopy is a procedure that allows examining the inner lining of the bladder and urethra by inserting a hollow tube called a cystoscope for examining the area and see if there are recurring structures. The follow-up of urethroplasty is done depending upon these exams if there are any changes noticed.
Urethroplasty recovery depends on the treatment performed on you based on your penile condition. The most common condition would be staying in the hospital overnight after surgery as it’s difficult to move in such a condition. However, when you start to eat, drink and walk, you’ll be happily discharged from the hospital. Post-surgery, it’s very essential to limit any kind of activity after urethroplasty until you’ve noticed complete healing. From bodybuilding tasks like heavy lifting, running, exercise or work for the first two weeks is highly restricted.Â
Any movement in the body that might lead to change in the catheter placement must be avoided hence resuming back to work within 10-24 days must not be done physically, you can handle calls or attend meetings.
A catheter is a small tube that’s about the size of spaghetti is placed in the penis for about 15 to 20 after surgery to offer good healing without damaging the vulnerable cells. You must keep the tube clean and stuck with the skin to escape any movement. You can apply antibiotic ointment to the penis for keeping the opening non-sticky to keep the catheter.
Urethroplasty is performed under the effects of anesthesia. Post-surgery, some do experience pain but it is usually mild. In serious cases, the pain can rise but it’s very rarely seen in patients. However, if you experience discomforting pain then doctors offer medication to overcome the pain.Â
No! There are very chances of getting a scar on the penis after going through urethroplasty.
Urethroplasty is very less likely to cause any trouble while performing sexual activity. However, there are few complications that arise post-surgery like difficulty with erection and ejaculation in addition to the blockage in the urine channel. You must consult your urologist with the complication to meet an early solution.
Men with urethral injury or damage in their urine channel can experience various discomfort and problems while urinating. You are most likely to experience a slow urine stream or sudden urge of urination in-between times. In severe causes of scar damage in the urethra, many individuals experience complete blockage of urination and are unable to urinate. While others feel pain and experience bladder infections and more.
There are many causes that lead to damage in the urethra. Some of the most common ones are prior injury or surgery, prior surgical operation of catheter placement, or through sexually transmitted disease.
Urethroplasty is performed through the perineum, the area between the scrotum and the anus. There are other types of urethroplasty surgery such as the ones where the penis skin is used and an incision is created on the penis. With experienced surgeons and good surgical processes, there’s rarely a chance for a formation of scar tissue on the external part of the penile skin.
Urethroplasty surgery types vary from people to people depending upon the location, cause and length of the structure of the urethra. The most common urethroplasty surgery time is about 3 to 6 hours to complete.
The cost of penile implant surgery in India includes the total cost of surgeons fee, anesthesia fee, operating room fee, room category and implant fee. Which makes the total cost of penis implant surgery about $3000 to $8000 in India that varies on the type of implants you’ve chosen to go with.Â
Problems and pain post penile implants are very rarely experienced. The state of your penis after the surgery is most likely to be bruised and swollen for the next 4 to 6 weeks. You will experience some pain for up to 3 weeks after the surgical process completion.
No! It’s very rare with penile implants surgery leading to the increased size of the penis
Majorly speaking, there are two types of penile implants. One is semi Rigid or malleable, rods while the other is inflatable implants.
Penile implants are devices that are inserted into the penis to help men obtain an erection.Â
The person will not need any dressing after the bladder scope cystoscopy. Minimal bleeding can be due to injury in the urethra or bladder, or due to the pierced or removed tissue growth, polyps or tumor. Increasing your oral fluid intake helps to clear up the bleeding.
- Topical anesthesia to patients for flexible cystoscopy procedure and general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia to patients for rigid cystoscopy procedure.
- The patient will be positioned depending on the bladder cystoscopy to be performed. The urethra will be cleansed.
- The cystoscope will be inserted carefully through the urethra, and then sterile water or normal saline will be instilled to the bladder to facilitate better visualization of the urethra and bladder linings. The urologist can remove or crush an obstructing stone, take a specimen or remove the unusual tissue growth. Specimen will be sent to the laboratory.
- The doctor will drain the fluid in the bladder; a foley catheter may be inserted and attached to a urine bag.
After a bladder scope cystoscopy, a patient is at risk of
- Bleeding
- Pain on adjacent tissues
- Infection
- Tightening of the urethra
- Pain or burning sensation while urination
- Complications from anesthesia
A person needs a bladder cystoscopy because of recurrent urinary symptoms such as:
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Pain or burning sensation while urination
- Urinary frequency
- Urinary urgency
- Urinary retention
- Urinary incontinence
- Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI)
Cystoscopy procedure is performed by a urologist to check any obstruction, bleeding, unusual growth and check the linings of the urethra and bladder.
- You can resume work in about 2 weeks if you have office jobs or jobs that do not require much physical activity.
- For work that requires physical strength or strenuous activities can be resumed for about 4 weeks.
- An indwelling catheter will be placed and attached to a urine collection bag for about 10 to 20 days to allow the urethra to heal.
- Sexual intercourse can be resumed once the indwelling catheter has been removed by your doctor or depending on your doctor’s advice.
Yes, urethroplasty or surgical urethral reconstruction is safe. There are high rates of success in urethroplasty.
Best urethral stricture treatment would depend on the severity of narrow urethra. The urologist will perform any of the urethral stricture treatment that suits your case:
- Urethral dilators
- Urethrotomy or Direct Vision Urethrotomy
- Surgical urethral reconstruction or Urethroplasty
- Taking the patient’s history and physical assessment for males
- Retrograde urethrogram
- Urethroscopy or cystoscopy
- Urinalysis, urine culture and urethral culture
- Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
- Imaging studies: ultrasound, MRI, CT-Scan
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Yes, urethral strictures involve pain or burning sensation because of infection, inflammation, or obstruction in the urethra.
Risk factors that can lead to the development of urethral stricture:
- Men who experienced one or more sexually transmitted infection
- Recent experience of trauma or injury in the pelvic area
- Who just had foley catheter/ catheter inserted through the urethra to drain urine
- Had just experienced infections affecting the urethra such as urethritis and urinary tract infection
- Men who have prostate enlargementRecent surgery in the urethra or prostate
Urethral stricture is narrowing of the urethra caused by obstruction due to scar formation or mechanical obstruction.
The urethra is a part of the urinary system where urine flows and for men, it is also a passageway for semen.
The challenges faced in IVF treatment is that there are possible risks involved in the treatment process, which include:
- Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- Possible risks during egg retrieval
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Birth defects
- Stress and depression
- Miscarriage
- Multiple births
- Premature birth and below 2500gms birth weight of the baby
The most stressful stage of IVF treatment according to a study is the 10 to 14 days waiting period. Women are thinking if the pregnancy will turn out successful or not.
There are a lot of good hospitals in India that offer world-class facilities and services such as IVF treatment process. The couple needs to discuss on what center or hospital they would like to undergo the IVF birth.
Yes, a woman in menopause can get pregnant by the IVF process. She may not get pregnant naturally. But she can get pregnant if she had saved her eggs earlier or uses donor eggs to be used in the IVF fertility.
There is no difference between a test tube baby and In-vitro fertilisation. Test tube baby is not a medical term; it is a term used by media or general population referring to the IVF. A test tube is not used in the IVF treatment process because it uses a petri dish.
Yes, IVF treatment is safe and effective for those who have infertility problems. A study showed that IVF fertility has some risk to women’s health, it is still important to know that like any procedure it can bring about unwanted side effects.
The chances of IVF success are generally high, especially to women below 35 years old and to those who are using donor eggs.
After 12-14 days a woman can visit the doctor to perform a pregnancy test after the IVF treatment.
One IVF birth cycle can take 2 to 3 weeks.
IVF fertility procedure includes:
- Stimulation
- Egg Retrieval
- Sperm Retrieval
- Insemination and Fertilization
- Embryo Culture
- Embryo Transfer
IVF is not advised to women 45 and above using their own eggs, 51 years and above even using donor eggs or frozen embryos, overweight women, if any of the couples who have alcohol and drug abuse, psychiatric problems, relationship problems, and smokers.
Before a couple can be accepted to undergo the IVF fertility treatment they should be ready in terms of the physical, psychological, emotional, and financial aspects. It requires one or more cycles of the treatment to have increased chances of IVF success.
Selection criteria in in-vitro fertilisation include age, physical health, and emotional health.
-
- AGE
- Up to 43 years old- woman using her own eggs
- Up to 50 years old- woman using donor eggs
- Up to 50 years old- woman using frozen embryos
- <50 years old- couples who prefer to have a surrogate mother
- AGE
- Balanced weight- to avoid high-risk pregnancies.
- If any of the couple is a chronic drinker or using illegal drugs is not accepted. One must undergo and complete a substance abuse treatment program.
- Non-smoker- if a smoker, they are advised to quit smoking first.
- If any of the couples has psychiatric problems, one must undergo appropriate therapy to be qualified.
- Any severe relationship problems of the couple should be addressed first before the IVF treatment process.
IVF birth is recommended to couples who have problems in getting pregnant. Here are some reasons why IVF fertility is done:
- Absent, damage or blockage on the fallopian tubes
- Male sperm production and sperm motility problems
- A woman with ovulation problems
- Couples with a genetic disorder
- Unexplained fertility.
- Fertility preservation
- Endometriosis
IVF fertility treatment is a procedure that involves a series of steps to fertilize an egg outside of the body, specifically in a petri dish at the laboratory. This is opted by couples who have infertility problems or prevent a genetic defect in a child.
IVF stands for In-Vitro Fertilization.
Yes, specifically the cystine stones because it is formed due to a genetic disorder Cystinuria, wherein amino acids cystine forms into stone instead of going back to the bloodstream. Cystinuria is directly inherited from parents.
There are various surgeries to remove kidney stones available in India, such as:
- Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
- Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS)
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy
- Medication: Calcium channel blockers or alpha-blockers, potassium or sodium citrate, diuretics, allopurinol, antibiotics
- Lithotripsy: Extracorporeal Shockwave and Kidney stone laser treatment
- Ureteroscopy
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
- Open Nephrolithotomy
- Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery
In most cases, kidney stones appear in one kidney. If kidney stone treatment is not given, it could aggravate infection and bleeding to the kidney causing damage. Kidney failure could happen if both kidneys have stones and left untreated, this may cause damage to both kidneys; or if a person has one kidney and has a stone in it and is left untreated, this could damage the remaining kidney.
Kidney stones are one of the most severe types of pain that can be comparable to childbirth. Pain brought about by kidney stones is called renal colic. Renal colic happens when the stone obstructs a narrow part in the urinary tract, especially the ureters. Intense pain can be felt in the back, side, or belly.
- Physical examination
- Blood tests: high levels of minerals such as uric acid, calcium
- Urine tests: checks for infection and presence of blood
- Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scan, Ultrasound
Risks and complications in male infertility treatment:
- Costly treatments and procedures used in male infertility.
- Stress and relationship problems of the couple because of the difficulty of being pregnant.
- Males have to undergo tests, surgery, and/ or other procedures for male infertility solutions
Yes, too much alcohol consumption is one of male infertility causes. Too much alcohol consumption can cause erectile problems, decreases testosterone levels, and affect sperm production.
Always seek male infertility help to your doctor. Any signs of infertility in men should be reported to your doctor, in this way he can decide on what infertility treatment he can use to effectively address fertility problems in males.
Common myths about male infertility are:
- Boxers should be worn because it’s not as tight as the brief, which is believed to cause high temperatures in the scrotal area and affecting sperm production leading to fertility problems in males. True that increased temperature can affect sperm production but it is uncertain and no study has done to prove that it is due to the tightness of the brief.
- Age does not affect fertility. The truth is as a man ages, the quality and number of sperms decline gradually. But it can decrease rapidly if a man gets/ develops a health problem that affects sperm production such as varicocele, sexually transmitted infection and urinary tract infection.
- Obesity can cause male infertility. Yes, this is true because obesity can affect hormone levels including those that stimulate the production of healthy sperms thus resulting to fertility problems in males.
- Having sexual intercourse daily with your female partner will increase the chances of pregnancy. Not true because if any of the couples have a fertility problem, this should be corrected so pregnancy could be possible. Ejaculation every day lowers sperm count but with better quality of sperms.
The best male infertility solutions would be using the appropriate treatment for a specific cause of male infertility. If male fertility is caused by sexually transmitted infections, the best male infertility treatment for that would be antibiotics. For cases with varicocele, the doctor will advise varicocelectomy. For low testosterone levels, one of the best male infertility solutions would be taking Clomiphene citrate/ Clomid or Arimidex.
Male anorgasmia is a factor of male infertility. This condition is also known as orgasmic dysfunction or Coughlan’s syndrome, which is the consistent inability to reach orgasm during sexual intercourse. A study showed that anorgasmia especially in a young male who wants their female partner to get pregnant causes frustration and anxiety. Male anorgasmia affects insemination, thus a factor infertility problems in males.
To check male infertility causes, there are tests a doctor must do, such as physical assessment and taking a medical history, semen analysis, hormonal tests, transrectal ultrasound, and testicular biopsy.
Signs of infertility in men are pain, swelling or presence of lumps in the testicular area, obvious decrease in facial and body hair, gynecomastia- growth of breasts in males, changes in sexual desire, ejaculation problems, inability to get and maintain the erection, intermittent respiratory infections, and decreased sperm count- less than 15 million sperm per mL or less than 39 million every ejaculation.
There are various causes for low sperm count; some of them are hormonal problems, chromosomal problems, blockages in the sperms paths, varicocele, immune system attacking the sperm, retrograde ejaculation, smoking, chronic-alcohol use, prohibited drug-use, occupation, stress, depression, and obesity.
Infertility is the inability to produce or release enough sperm to cause a pregnancy to the female partner, while impotence or erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve and maintain erection thus unable to have sexual intercourse.
Yes, male infertility treatment are surgical intervention: Varicocelectomy, reversal of vasectomy, testicular sperm extraction to be used in in-vitro fertilization (IVF), transurethral resection of the ejaculatory duct (TURED); antibiotic therapy for infections; hormonal treatments such as Clomiphene citrate/ Clomid and Arimidex; assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as In-vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Fertility problems in males are caused by hormonal problems, chromosomal problems, blockages in the sperms paths, varicocele, immune system attacking the sperm, and retrograde ejaculation.
Male infertility is the inability of a man to make his female partner achieve pregnancy with unprotected sex for over a year.
- 4-6 weeks after the surgery, a person may resume working for less physically demanding jobs.
- 6-8 weeks for jobs that need vigorous activities
- Complete healing for about 1-2 years to be able to feel the erogenous sensation to the new phallus, if it is included in the surgery.
Risks and complications in phalloplasty include:
- Surgical site infections
- Loss of phallus
- Wound breakdown
- Urethral fistula
- Urinary catheter problems
- Bleeding or pain in the pelvic area
- Bladder or Rectal injury
- Urethral strictures
- Wound contraction and scarring
- Formation of granulation tissue
- Corona flattening
A study showed that the majority of people who underwent phalloplasty were successful. Although transgender males showed more complications in the urethra and tissue flap used in phallus compared to cismales- males who lost their penis (due to congenital reasons or by trauma or disease).
Yes, penile enhancement surgery exists. It is a surgical choice for some transgender men and cisgender. Some people undergo this procedure to reconstruct their lost penis due to trauma or disease.
Phalloplasty or penile enhancement surgery is a procedure to create a penis for transgender men and cisgender- male born without genitalia, and reconstruct a penis for males who lost their penis due to accident, trauma, or cancer.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction treatment is successful because it has a success rate of more than 95 percent.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction treatment is pyeloplasty, which can be done through open surgery or laparoscopic method. Both have same length of hospital stay but laparoscopic method is more costly. Both have the same high success rate of surgeries.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction happens when there is a total or partial obstruction in the renal pelvis, the part where kidneys and ureters meet. Most cases are congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction, while other cases that occur in adults are caused by kidney stones, previous surgery, abnormal blood vessels, tumor, and upper urinary tract swelling.
PUJ obstruction means Pelvic Ureteric Junction obstruction and UPJ obstruction means Ureteropelvic Junction obstruction.
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Bladder spasms
- Injury to bladder, urethra and other urinary tract organs
- Blood clots
- Vaginal prolapse
- Reactions to anesthetics
Yes, there is high rate of effectiveness in urinary incontinence treatment.
Consult a doctor when the incontinence becomes frequent and is already affecting your daily activities.
Various treatments for urinary incontinence include:
- Kegel’s exercise
- Bladder training
- anticholinergics
- Alpha-blockers
- topical estrogen
- Urethral inserts
- Pessary
- Sling procedures
- Colposuspension
- Artificial urinary sphincter
- Catheters
- Absorbent pads
Urinary incontinence is the inability to control bladder resulting in urine dribbling or urine leaks.
The most common urinary tract infection causes are bacteria. The best treatment for urinary tract infection would be antibiotics. The doctor or the urologist will prescribe specific antibiotics depending on the type of the UTI, its severity, and if it has been occurring recurrently.
Kidney infection is one of the types of urinary tract infections. Urethritis (infection of the urethra) and cystitis (infection of the bladder) are common types of UTI. If UTI is untreated, the infection can spread to the ureters until it reaches the kidney, causing kidney infection or known as pyelonephritis.
Kidney stones do not cause UTI, but if you have kidney stone you are at risk of developing UTI. Most bacteria that cause UTI are bacteria that are normally found in the bowel or normal flora in the bowel. Bacteria multiply until they can reach the upper urinary system. The urinary system’s natural way of flushing out bacteria is through passing out of urine, bacteria can be flushed out with urine. But the presence of kidney stones obstructs flushing out of urine and the bacteria. When bacteria are able to mix with urine, and urine cannot flow through the ureters because of a kidney stone, the pooling of infected urine in the kidney can cause pyelonephritis or infection in the kidneys.
Urinary tract infection is an infection commonly caused by bacteria affecting the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Most of the time, it affects the lower urinary tract- the bladder and the urethra.
UTI stands for urinary tract infection.
Some countries that do not have laws or do not allow a change in a person’s gender include Venezuela, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Peru, Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Nigeria, and Angola.
Hormonal treatment and sex reassignment surgery affect the capability of an individual to produce eggs or sperms. Talk to your doctor regarding fertility matters prior to the sex reassignment treatment so you can have the option for egg or sperm storage (gamete storage).
Sex reassignment surgery from female to male includes the following procedures: bilateral mastectomy, hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, phalloplasty or metoidioplasty, penile implant, a scrotoplasty, and testicular implant.
To change sex from male to female, he will first undergo psychological and hormonal treatment, and social gender role transition for 1-2 years before undergoing the gender reconstruction male to female.
In every 30,000 biologically male at birth, 1 has gender dysphoria, and in every 100,000 biologically female at birth, 1 has gender dysphoria.
Sex change operation is done in medical facilities but not all hospitals offer this kind of service.
There are countries that allow legal change of gender after a transexual surgery, while other countries give legal recognition for transgender after a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Different countries have different laws imposed regarding transgender rights.
Yes, gender change surgery helped a lot of transgenders to become more comfortable of their selves. A review made from various studies concluded that more than 95% of transgenders were satisfied with sex change operation.
Sex reassignment surgery is done by a team of specialists such as gynecology, urology, breast surgery, reconstructive surgery, and trained in microsurgery so that sensation can be felt in the new sex organs.
The best doctor to perform hypospadias repair is a pediatric urologist surgeon. They are well trained to diagnose, treat and perform a surgical intervention to children with urological problems.
Complete healing of the surgical area may take 6 months or more. It may appear healed on the outer part of the penis but it will take several months to let the tissues heal inside the penis. It is very crucial to come on scheduled clinic visits so that the pediatric urologist surgeon can identify if there are any complications.
Post hypospadias surgery care is very important and the healthcare team will impart information on the proper techniques to care for your child after surgery. The surgeon will teach you how to change dressings (if he opted to put a dressing on the site), bathing, wound care, and what to note on the surgical site. Usually, a catheter is placed on the penis so the urine will flow directly to the diaper or urine bag for kids, to facilitate healing of the surgical area. The catheter in the penis will stay for about 5-14 days. Diapers should be changed regularly. If your son is older, do not allow him to ride on toys or walkers to avoid compression of the post-operative site.
The pediatric anesthesiologist usually gives anesthesia to babies who will undergo hypospadias surgery. They use general anesthesia to put the baby to sleep and will not feel any discomfort during surgery. It is safe to put babies to sleep because the pediatric anesthesiologists are highly trained to give anesthesia and give care to babies while surgery. In addition, anesthesia given is computed based on the baby’s weight in order to give the right dose of anesthesia and pain medications. Some anesthesiologists also use nerve blocks to lessen the pain after the operation.
It is hard to predict when a baby with hypospadias grows up if he will or will not have difficulty in erection or urination. Some may experience a sprinkling of urine below or on the sides of the penis. Urethral openings may be too small or too large. A hooded foreskin that looks weird. These conditions affect the self-esteem of boys. Thus as early as possible, it is recommended to have a hypospadias repair.
Nowadays, pediatric urologist surgeons recommend hypospadias repair from the mildest to the most severe case. Hypospadias surgery is mostly beneficial to the child, more importantly, as he reaches the adult stage.
The main cause of hypospadias occurrence remains unknown. But there is a slight chance that a child can have hypospadias if his father and brothers have it.
Most hypospadias is treated with surgical intervention. But there are few cases with mild hypospadias that it will not cause problems as he enters adulthood and becomes a husband. The pediatric urologist surgeon plans for the specific surgery to be performed. A child may undergo hypospadias surgery as early as 4 months old and can achieve a complete recovery minimum of 6 months if no complications have occurred. The pediatric urologist surgeon addresses three main concerns in children with hypospadias: Urethroplasty- creating a new urethral meatus at the glans penis; Orthoplasty- if chordee is observed; and, removal of the hooded foreskin.
There is a high success rate of hypospadias surgery. Normal state and regular functioning of the penis can last up to a lifetime. However, complications may occur. The most common complication of hypospadias surgery is fistula and scarring. Fistula or a hole can occur just below the new urethral meatus or anywhere in the penis and causes urine leaking. Scarring can develop to the new urethral meatus or to the repaired urethral tube. The scar can cause a total or partial obstruction in the urethra, making it difficult or slowing down the urine while passing through the urethra.
If the child is observed with leaking urine or slow drip of urine, bring your child immediately to the pediatric urologist so he can assess and perform measures to prevent further complications.
Hypospadias repair is a surgical intervention done by a pediatric urologist surgeon to create a new urethral meatus and a urine passage, which is normally found at the tip of the penis or at the glans penis. Also, the surgeon straightens the penile shaft. This is done to babies 6-12 months old so that later in life, they will not experience sprinkling in urination while standing and will not have problems in reproduction when they reach adulthood.
The main cause of the development of hypospadias is still unknown. The male genitalia of the fetus is developed between 9-12 weeks of pregnancy. Hormones are responsible for the development of urethra and foreskin of the fetus. During this time of pregnancy, there may be an impairment of hormone production and functioning leading to problems such as hypospadias.
Once hypospadias has been detected to a newborn baby, obvious symptoms are observed. The urethral opening is situated below the glans penis or anywhere below the penile shaft or under the scrotal area. If your son is older, every time he urinates, he may need to sit in order not to sprinkle urine. A downward curve of the penile shaft is also observed, known as chordee. Half of the glans may also be covered with extra foreskin or a hooded appearance. Some boys might have hernia in the groin area or undescended testis.
Hypospadias is a birth defect wherein the urinary opening is situated below the glans penis, middle of penile shaft or even below the scrotum. This is usually diagnosed or seen by the doctor upon assessment after birth. It is difficult to see hypospadias on ultrasound during pregnancy.
The availability of the latest and variety of treatments for an enlarged prostate has been existent in various health care institutions in India. Available latest treatments in enlarged prostate in India are the following: medications- alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, combination drug therapy, Tadalafil (Cialis); minimally invasive or surgical treatment- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA), Open Prostatectomy, and Prostate Laser Surgery.
Prostate surgery is safe for patients with an enlarged prostate. The urologist will determine if what kind of surgery a person should undergo. The surgery will be based on the severity of the prostate enlargement, the signs and symptoms manifested by the patient, the patient’s choice of surgery, and the health status of the patient. Prostate Surgery can be done through minimally invasive surgery, prostate laser surgery, and open (simple) prostatectomy.
Enlarged prostate or benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is not life-threatening. BPH is not cancer and it cannot cause cancer. However, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer can occur at the same time. And, that is why it is very crucial to have yourself checked if you experience any signs and symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia to be able to identify if it is indeed BPH or prostate cancer. Also, the effects brought about by the compression of the urethra and bladder neck can cause further complications on the urinary system if not treated.
If a man experiences any of the signs and symptoms of an enlarged prostate, he can consult medical advice from a doctor. The early the enlarged prostate is diagnosed and treated, complications and further damage can be prevented.
The treatment for enlarged prostate is upon the urologists’ suggestion on what specific treatment fits a person. The doctor will have to check the signs and symptoms experienced by the patient, the severity of the prostate gland enlargement, the patient’s choice of treatment, and the health condition of the patient. These factors will be considered by the doctor and will make a plan for what treatment is suitable for a specific patient. Benign prostate hyperplasia treatment includes medications, minimally invasive surgery, prostate laser surgery, and open (simple) prostatectomy.
Men should watch out for early signs of prostate problems. Men may experience one of the following signs of prostate problems: blood in urine (hematuria) or semen, frequent trips to the bathroom at night-nocturia, urinary frequency, dribbling urine, painful urination (dysuria), painful ejaculation, or pain on lower back, hips, pelvic area, rectal area, or upper thighs.
If a man can experience any of the signs and symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia, he must consult a doctor to run some tests and help him identify if it is indeed an enlarged prostate. Signs and symptoms of BPH include: inability to empty the bladder completely, frequent trips to the bathroom at night-nocturia, inability to postpone urination, difficulty in starting to pass out urine, dribbling at the end of urination, the need to push or strain in order to urinate, and an obvious slow flow of urine.
The doctor may also perform a digital rectal exam, urinalysis, blood tests, and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test to help him identify if it is benign prostate hyperplasia.
Enlarged prostate or benign prostate hyperplasia is not life-threatening. However, as it compresses the urethra and bladder neck, it causes urinary problems and could eventually cause more complications if left untreated. There are varieties of treatments available for men with an enlarged prostate. It is best to seek medical advice from the urologist as early as you start to experience signs and symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia. He will help you diagnose enlarged prostate and the treatment that best suits you.
The prostate usually grows in two stages. First, when a boy reaches puberty and the second stage of growth happens when a man reaches 25. This growth is slowly continuing throughout a man’s lifetime. However, there are cases that the prostate continually grows beyond its expected size, which causes urinary problems. The enlargement of the prostate may be due to the hormones produced by the body that stimulates the growth of the prostate.
Benign prostate hyperplasia is an enlargement of the prostate gland due to the uncontrolled production of cells in the prostate. The prostate surrounds the urethra and bladder opening. Once the prostate is enlarged, it can compress the urethra and bladder neck, which can result in obstruction of the passageway of urine and semen. If this is left untreated, further complications can happen in the lower urinary tract or to the entire urinary system.
Risk and complications in erectile dysfunction therapy involved in injections and suppositories are priapism (prolonged painful erection lasting 2 hours or so), bleeding, and scarring; and in surgery are adverse reactions from anesthesia and other medications given to the patient, bleeding, and infection.
Yes, there is a cure for male impotence. In most cases, using erectile dysfunction treatment can reverse penile dysfunction. But if penile erectile dysfunction cannot be cured, the important thing is that the signs and symptoms will be diminished or treated.
Yes, low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) also known as shockwave therapy is effective in erectile dysfunction therapy. The low-intensity sound waves eradicate plaques formed in the blood vessels and stimulate the formation of blood vessels in the penis. However, urologists do not recommend erectile dysfunction therapy that is not approved by the FDA. There are no studies yet to support its effectiveness and its safety for long term use.
Doctors that diagnose and treat male health issues are called urologists. Urologists are experts in sexual and reproductive health care of men such as urinary problems and male impotence cause and treatments.
You can get erectile dysfunction treatment from your doctor or your urologist.
Yes, smoking weed or marijuana can affect sexual health such as erection problems.
A man can have difficulty in having an erection due to a variety of causes of erectile function: health conditions that can affect blood supply and blood vessels of the penis, smoking, age, injuries or diseases affecting the spine and pelvic area, chronic alcoholism, illegal drug use, psychological and mental health problems.
Yes, when an individual thinks and worries too much it hinders sexual drive and erection. This is one of the common causes of erectile dysfunction.
Circumcision does not cause penile dysfunction. A study was done and shown that circumcision is not linked to the causes of erectile dysfunction. Circumcised men have more sensitivity in their penis and reach orgasm faster.
Low blood pressure causes erectile dysfunction due to insufficient blood going into the penis making it impossible to erect.
Effective and proven erectile dysfunction treatment include taking phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5 inhibitors), undergoing testosterone therapy, self-Injection with alprostadil or intracavernosal injection (ICI), alprostadil Intraurethral (IU) therapy, using vacuum erection device (penis pumps), undergoing penile prostheses (penile implant) surgery, and psychological counseling.
Some proven solutions for erectile dysfunction treatment are medications such as Viagra, Levitra, Cialis, Stendra and Staxyn.
The signs and symptoms of men’s erectile dysfunction include having difficulty in achieving an erection, keeping the erection, and reduced sexual interest.
Erectile deficiency causes include diabetes, vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking, age, injuries or diseases related to the male reproductive system or nervous system, alcohol and drug abuse, stress, depression, and anxiety, and relationship problems.
Erectile dysfunction is the inability of men to achieve and sustain an erection.